木霉:多功能生物防治剂的出现、其秘密和对生物防治潜力机制的见解
Sustainability
(
IF
3.3
)
Pub Date : 2022-10-07
, DOI:
10.3390/su141912786
Nazia Manzar
,
Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap
,
Ravi Shankar Goutam
,
Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
,
Pawan Kumar Sharma
,
Sushil Kumar Sharma
,
Harsh Vardhan Singh
木霉是控制植物病害的重要生物防治剂。木霉菌属真菌丝状菌属的成员,广泛分布于土壤中。它既可以作为生物防治剂,也可以作为生长促进剂。木霉属物种现在经常用作生物控制剂 (BCA) 来对抗广泛的植物病害。由于它们的应用,主要的植物病害得到了成功的控制。木霉属 正在广泛研究,以提高其作为顶级生物防治剂的有效性。许多调节机制的激活是木霉管理植物病害能力的主要因素。木霉属基于生物防治的方法包括养分竞争、真菌寄生、抗生素和水解酶的合成以及诱导植物抗性。木霉属物种可以合成多种次级代谢物,这些次级代谢物可以成功地抑制多种植物病害的活性。GPCR(G 蛋白偶联受体)是膜结合受体,可感知和传递影响真菌次级代谢的环境输入。相关的细胞内信号通路也在这一过程中发挥作用。木霉产生的次级代谢物可以激活植物内的抗病机制并防止病原体。β-葡萄糖醛酸酶 (GUS)、绿色荧光蛋白 (gfp)、潮霉素 B 磷酸转移酶 (hygB) 和生产基因是可用于识别和跟踪农业生态系统中特定木霉属分离株的外源标记的例子。现在市场上超过 60% 的生物杀菌剂来自木霉属物种。这些真菌通过产生抗性来保护植物免受有害植物病害的侵害。此外,它们可以溶解植物养分以促进植物生长,并通过包括菌寄生和抗菌在内的机制生物修复环境污染物。木霉属产生的酶在工业中经常使用。这篇综述文章旨在提供木霉生物防治真菌的概述更新(从 1975 年到 2022 年),以及关于关键次生代谢物、基因和与植物病害相互作用的信息。
Trichoderma: Advent of Versatile Biocontrol Agent, Its Secrets and Insights into Mechanism of Biocontrol Potential
Trichoderma is an important biocontrol agent for managing plant diseases. Trichoderma species are members of the fungal genus hyphomycetes, which is widely distributed in soil. It can function as a biocontrol agent as well as a growth promoter. Trichoderma species are now frequently used as biological control agents (BCAs) to combat a wide range of plant diseases. Major plant diseases have been successfully managed due to their application. Trichoderma spp. is being extensively researched in order to enhance its effectiveness as a top biocontrol agent. The activation of numerous regulatory mechanisms is the major factor in Trichoderma ability to manage plant diseases. Trichoderma-based biocontrol methods include nutrient competition, mycoparasitism, the synthesis of antibiotic and hydrolytic enzymes, and induced plant resistance. Trichoderma species may synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites that can successfully inhibit the activity of numerous plant diseases. GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors) are membrane-bound receptors that sense and transmit environmental inputs that affect fungal secondary metabolism. Related intracellular signalling pathways also play a role in this process. Secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma can activate disease-fighting mechanisms within plants and protect against pathogens. β- Glucuronidase (GUS), green fluorescent protein (gfp), hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hygB), and producing genes are examples of exogenous markers that could be used to identify and track specific Trichoderma isolates in agro-ecosystems. More than sixty percent of the biofungicides now on the market are derived from Trichoderma species. These fungi protect plants from harmful plant diseases by developing resistance. Additionally, they can solubilize plant nutrients to boost plant growth and bioremediate environmental contaminants through mechanisms, including mycoparasitism and antibiosis. Enzymes produced by the genus Trichoderma are frequently used in industry. This review article intends to provide an overview update (from 1975 to 2022) of the Trichoderma biocontrol fungi, as well as information on key secondary metabolites, genes, and interactions with plant diseases.